Antimony is a metalloid element with the chemical symbol Sb (from the Latin name stibium) and atomic number 51. It has been known to humans for thousands of years and has historically been used in cosmetics, alloys, and medicines. Today, antimony plays an important role in modern industries due to its unique combination of physical and chemical properties. It exists in both metallic and non-metallic forms, with applications ranging from flame retardants and alloys to semiconductors and energy storage systems.

In its natural state, antimony is most commonly found in the form of stibnite (Sb₂S₃), a sulfide mineral that has historically been the primary source of the element. Although pure antimony is relatively rare, it can be extracted through smelting processes or by treating its ores with reducing agents. The metal is brittle, silvery-white in appearance, and exhibits poor electrical and thermal conductivity compared to other metals. However, its capacity to combine with other elements and improve material performance is what makes it technologically significant.

One of the most prominent uses of antimony is in the production of flame retardants. When combined with halogenated compounds, antimony trioxide acts as a synergist, enhancing flame-retardant properties in plastics, textiles, and electronic devices. This application alone accounts for a large share of global antimony consumption, as fire safety regulations across industries demand materials that can resist ignition and reduce the spread of flames. Household appliances, building materials, and automotive interiors often incorporate antimony-based flame retardants to meet safety standards.

Another major application of antimony is in lead-acid batteries, where it is used as an alloying element with lead to improve mechanical strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. Lead-antimony alloys are widely used in battery grids for automobiles, backup power systems, flame retardant material, antimony trioxide, metalloid element, lead-acid battery additive, antimony alloys and industrial energy storage. With the growth in automotive demand and backup energy requirements, this sector continues to drive significant consumption of antimony.

Antimony also plays a vital role in metallurgical applications. Small amounts are added to alloys to improve hardness, strength, and wear resistance. For example, in lead alloys used for pipes, roofing sheets, and ammunition, antimony provides improved durability. Similarly, in tin alloys such as pewter and solders, it enhances strength and reduces shrinkage. In bearings and machinery components, antimony-containing alloys reduce friction and increase service life, making them valuable in heavy industries.

In the field of electronics and semiconductors, antimony has growing importance. Indium antimonide and gallium antimonide are examples of compound semiconductors used in infrared detectors, diodes, and thermophotovoltaic devices. These materials exhibit useful electrical and optical properties that make them suitable for applications in defense, space, and energy technologies. Additionally, antimony is being studied for its role in next-generation batteries, particularly in sodium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries, where it can enhance energy density and cycling stability.

Antimony compounds also find use in ceramics, glass, and pigments. Antimony oxide is employed as a fining agent in glassmaking to remove bubbles and improve clarity, while also serving as an opacifier in ceramics. It can impart white or yellow coloration to certain pigments and is used in enamels, paints, and plastics. These decorative and functional applications further extend the utility of antimony beyond heavy industries.